{"id":4640,"date":"2021-10-21T06:43:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T22:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afu.tw\/?p=4640"},"modified":"2023-07-12T11:29:18","modified_gmt":"2023-07-12T03:29:18","slug":"sci-%e6%9c%9f%e5%88%8a%e8%ab%96%e6%96%87%e4%b8%ad%e8%ad%af%e7%89%88%ef%bc%9a%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e8%a8%93%e7%b7%b4%e9%81%8a%e6%88%b2%e5%8c%96%e9%97%9c%e9%8d%b5%e8%a6%81%e7%b4%a0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afu.tw\/4640","title":{"rendered":"\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u8b6f\u7248\uff1a\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0d\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u542b\u6587\u737b Reference\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u6a19\u984c\uff1aThe Key Elements of Gamification in Corporate Training – The Delphi Method\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u66f4\u65b0\u8a0a\u606f\uff1a\u672c\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u69ae\u7372\u671f\u520a 2022 Best Paper Award\uff08\u5e74\u5ea6\u6700\u4f73\u8ad6\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u671f\u520a\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8f09\u6b21\u6578\u6700\u591a\u4e4b\u8ad6\u6587\uff08Most downloaded<\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95b1\u8b80\u524d\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u539f\u6587\uff1aThe Key Elements of Gamification in Corporate Training – The Delphi Method<\/strong>\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u65bcSCI \u671f\u520a Entertainment Computing\uff0c\u63a1\u5275\u7528 CC BY 4.0 \u6388\u6b0a\u516c\u958b\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u570b\u5167\u5c0d\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ca\u6559\u5b78\u8005\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be6\u52d9\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u5c07\u539f\u59cb\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u8ad6\u6587\u516c\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u90e8\u843d\u683c\u7248\u9762\u5b89\u6392\u4e0d\u82e5\u671f\u520a\u56b4\u8b39\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5167\u5bb9\u50c5\u65b9\u4fbf\u95b1\u8b80\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u683c\u5f0f\u53ca\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ecd\u4ee5\u671f\u520a\u767b\u8f09\u4e4b\u82f1\u6587\u7248<\/a>\u70ba\u4e3b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee5 APA \u683c\u5f0f\u5217\u51fa\u904a\u6232\u5316\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b\uff08Gamification Reference\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b61\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u53c3\u95b1\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u5beb\u4e00\u7bc7\u5c0e\u8b80\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f9e\u5be6\u52d9\u5230\u5b78\u8853\uff0c\u518d\u5f9e\u5b78\u8853\u56de\u5be6\u52d9\uff1a\u5074\u5beb\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u7814\u7a76<\/a>\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u9032\u884c\u9019\u500b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u611f\u8b1d\u540d\u55ae\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u904e\u53bb\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u5be6\u52d9\u53ca\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b61\u8fce\u4e00\u4f75\u95b1\u8b80\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u8ad6\u6587 DOI \u7db2\u5740\uff1ahttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2021.100463<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5b78\u8853\u5f15\u7528\u53c3\u8003 \uff08APA \u683c\u5f0f\uff09\uff1aWang, Y. F., Hsu, Y. F., & Fang, K. (2021). The Key Elements of Gamification in Corporate Training – The Delphi Method. Entertainment Computing, 40, 100463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2021.100463<\/p>\n

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\u7279\u5225\u611f\u8b1d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8207\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5404\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u512a\u5148\u8207\u9802\u5c16\u8b1b\u5e2b\uff08\u597d\u5144\u5f1f\u597d\u670b\u53cb\u5011\uff01\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u70ba\u66a2<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b\u3001\u4f55\u4f73\u52f3<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u5468\u78a9\u502b<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u6797\u660e\u6a1f<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u6797\u9577\u63da<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u59da\u8a69\u8c6a<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u5b6b\u6cbb\u83ef<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b, \u5f35\u529b\u4ec1<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u5f35\u570b\u6d0b<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b \u3001\u838a\u8212\u6db5<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u8a31\u69ae\u5b8f<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u6e38\u7693\u96f2<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u8d99\u80e4\u4e1e<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u5289\u6ec4\u78a9<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b , \u8521\u6e58\u9234<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b, \u8b1d\u6587\u61b2<\/a>\u8001\u5e2b\uff08\u4ee5\u59d3\u540d\u7b46\u5283\u7531\u96fb\u8166\u6392\u5e8f\uff09<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e5f\u611f\u8b1d\u9802\u5c16\u5c08\u696d\u82f1\u8a9e\u9867\u6587 Jen\uff0c\u70ba\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\u8ad6\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8207\u4fee\u6b63\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6211\u770b\u4e86 Jen \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\uff0c\u56de\u982d\u9084\u60f3\u4fee\u6b63\u6211\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\uff01\u56e0\u70ba\u7ffb\u7684\u592a\u597d\u4e86 …\u6bd4\u4e2d\u6587\u9084\u597d ! \u8b1d\u8b1d\u8001\u5a46\u5927\u4eba\u4ecb\u7d39\u554a\uff01\uff08\u798f\u54e5\u9ad8\u54c1\u8cea\u63a8\u85a6\uff0c\u9023\u7d61 Email\uff1ajenviowang@yahoo.com\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u96c5\u82b3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8d70\u4e86\u5f88\u9577\u7684\u8def\u554a\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u9019\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7522\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9084\u6709\u65b9\u570b\u5b9a\u8001\u5e2b\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u5feb\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u5728\u9580\u4e0b\u6700\u4e45\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u4e86 \u3002<\/p>\n

JJ \u53ca\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u662f\u8b93\u6211\u524d\u9032\u7684\u6700\u5927\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u611f\u6fc0\u53ca\u611b\uff0c\u8a00\u8a9e\u7121\u6cd5\u5f62\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u5ef6\u7e8c\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u63a1\u5275\u7528 CC-BY 4.0 \u516c\u958b\u6388\u6b0a\uff0c\u975e\u5b78\u8853\u5f15\u7528\u6642\u8acb\u8a3b\u540d\u59d3\u540d\u53ca\u51fa\u8655<\/p>\n

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\"UntitledImage\"<\/h2>\n

\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0d\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76<\/h2>\n

The Key Elements of Gamification in Corporate Training – The Delphi Method\uff09<\/h2>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u570b\u7acb\u96f2\u6797\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b78 \u8cc7\u8a0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb \u738b\u6c38\u798f<\/p>\n

\u5947\u7f8e\u91ab\u9662 \u5fa9\u5065\u79d1 \u8a31\u96c5\u82b3<\/p>\n

\u570b\u7acb\u96f2\u6797\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b78 \u8cc7\u8a0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb \u65b9\u570b\u5b9a<\/p>\n

\u6458\u8981<\/h3>\n

\u300c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u904a\u6232\u5316\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u8a13\u7df4\u904e\u7a0b\u6216\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u5b78\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u71b1\u9580\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u5c1a\u5f85\u91d0\u6e05\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6a19\u70ba\u627e\u51fa\u4f01\u696d\u57f9\u8a13\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u9032\u884c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\uff08Delphi method\uff09\uff0c\u9080\u8acb14\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\u4e09\u8f2a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8a55\u9078\u51fa\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u6210\u529f\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6700\u7d42\u8a55\u9078\u51fa12\u9805\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u6210\u529f\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4e26\u532f\u6574\u6210\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u516d\u5927\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\uff1a\u7d50\u5408\u6559\u5b78\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u5373\u6642\u56de\u994b\u3001\u5c0f\u7d44\u7af6\u722d\u3001\u898f\u5247\u6e05\u695a\u3001\u6311\u6230\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u7121\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8c\u7a2e\u6709\u6548\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6a5f\u5236\uff1a\u8a08\u5206\u9ede\u6578\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c07\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8207\u8ab2\u7a0b\u76ee\u6a19\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u517c\u9867\u904a\u6232\u6a5f\u5236\u53ca\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u70ba\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6642\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u9032\u884c\u8cea\u5316\u8a2a\u8ac7\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u53ca\u5dee\u7570\u6027\u7684\u8996\u89d2\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u6642\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5be6\u52d9\u7d93\u9a57\u53c3\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h3>\n

1.\u7c21\u4ecb<\/h3>\n

1.1 \u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n

\u904a\u6232\u5316\uff0c\u88ab\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u628a\u904a\u6232\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u975e\u904a\u6232\u7684\u73fe\u5834\u300d(Deterding, Sicart, et al., 2011) \uff0c\u5728 2010 \u5e74\u5f8c\u9010\u6f38\u6210\u70ba\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u71b1\u9580\u8a71\u984c(Deterding, Dixon, et al., 2011; Hamari & Lehdonvirta, 2010; Huotari & Hamari, 2012)\uff0c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u3002\u4f7f\u4efb\u52d9\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u50cf\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u8a98\u767c\u5167\u5728\u52d5\u529b(Vesa & Harviainen, 2019)\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6295\u5165\u53ca\u53c3\u8207\u5ea6(Huotari & Hamari, 2012)\uff0c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5df2\u7d93\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u5546\u696d\u7d93\u71df\u3001\u884c\u92b7\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u9818\u57df(Anderson et al., 2013; Landers, 2014; Stanculescu et al., 2016)<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u9818\u57df\u5c0d\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e5f\u7522\u751f\u6975\u5927\u7684\u8208\u8da3(De Sousa Borges et al., 2014; Dicheva et al., 2015; Huotari & Hamari, 2012)\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u8a13\u7df4\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316(Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u91cd\u65b0\u8a2d\u8a08\u50b3\u7d71\u57f9\u8a13\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u9078\u64c7 (Denny, 2013)\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u54e1\u5de5\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u9810\u6e2c\u672a\u4f86\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5e02\u5834\u5c07\u589e\u9577\u6578\u5341\u5104\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u6539\u8b8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8077\u5834(Hiltbrand & Burke, 2011; Smith-Robbins, 2011)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u6c92\u6709\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6846\u67b6, \u76ee\u524d\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8abf\u67e5\u6578\u64da\u63a8\u65b7\u7528\u6236\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u8cea\u5316\u7814\u7a76 (Hamari et al., 2014)\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u53ca\u6587\u737b\u4e0d\u65b7\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c0d\u5176\u6548\u679c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a (Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u4ecd\u5f85\u91d0\u6e05 (Ribeiro et al., 2018)\u3002\u5f9e\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u6587\u737b\u5f88\u96e3\u5f9e\u4e2d\u8b58\u5225\u51fa\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u6216\u7d44\u5408(Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u63a1\u7528\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5(Delphi Method)\u9032\u884c\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u696d\u8b1b\u5e2b\u70ba\u8abf\u67e5\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u5c07\u805a\u7126\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0b2\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a<\/p>\n

(1)\u63a2\u8a0e\u5728\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u5be6\u52d9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u6210\u529f\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20. (2)\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u8b1b\u5e2b\u7684\u5be6\u52d9\u61c9\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u5be6\u52d9<\/h3>\n

2.1 \u904a\u6232\u5316<\/h3>\n

\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4ecd\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u8aa4\u89e3(Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u540d\u8fad\uff1a\u904a\u6232\u3001\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232\u3001\u904a\u6232\u6559\u5b78\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u904a\u6232\u5316\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u539f\u5247\u53ca\u6982\u5ff5(Armstrong & Landers, 2018; Landers et al., 2019)\u3002\u904a\u6232\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6642\u9593\u548c\u5730\u9ede\u9032\u884c(Michael & Chen, 2005)\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u5a1b\u6a02\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u904a\u6232\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u73a9\u6cd5(Deterding, Dixon, et al., 2011)\u3002\u800c\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232(Serious Games)\u53c8\u7a31\u70ba\u6559\u80b2\u904a\u6232\u6216\u5b78\u7fd2\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u975e\u5a1b\u6a02\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684(Michael & Chen, 2005)\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u8207\u904a\u6232\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u6700\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4f46\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u74b0\u5883(Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u5982\u8ecd\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5546\u696d\u3001\u548c\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065(Garris et al., 2002)\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u904a\u6232\u300a\u7f8e\u570b\u9678\u8ecd\u300b\u7528\u4ee5\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u4eba\u5165\u4f0d(Nieborg, 2004)\uff1b\u6216\u98db\u884c\u6a21\u64ec\u7528\u65bc\u98db\u884c\u54e1\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u8f14\u52a9(Perryer et al., 2012)\u3002\u4ee5\u904a\u6232\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\uff08Game-Base Learning\uff09\u7126\u9ede\u662f\u8a98\u767c\u5b78\u7fd2\uff1b\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232\u5247\u662f\u805a\u7126\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6539\u8b8a(Sawyer & Smith, 2008)\uff0c\u5e38\u8207\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232\u5728\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u4e92\u63db\u4f7f\u7528(Connolly et al., 2012)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e26\u4e0d\u50cf\u904a\u6232\u4e00\u6a23\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u6216\u898f\u5283(Furdu et al., 2017)\uff0c\u4e5f\u548c\u56b4\u8085\u904a\u6232\u4e0d\u540c(Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e5f\u8ddf\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u7121\u95dc(Papp & Theresa, 2017)\u3002\u5ee3\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u300c\u628a\u904a\u6232\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u975e\u904a\u6232\u7684\u73fe\u5834\u300d(Deterding, Sicart, et al., 2011)\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7a4d\u5206\u3001\u5fbd\u7ae0\u3001\u6392\u884c\u699c\u300d\u65b9\u6cd5(Vesa & Harviainen, 2019)\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u52a0\u5165\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20\u4f86\u589e\u5f37\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u52d5\u6a5f(S\u00f8rensen & Spoelstra, 2012)\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u7528\u6236\u4e26\u9f13\u52f5\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u884c\u70ba\u6709\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u529b(Barata et al., 2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

2.2\u00a0 \u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316<\/h3>\n

\u904a\u6232\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b(Ribeiro et al., 2018)\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u5176\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8(De Sousa Borges et al., 2014; Dicheva et al., 2015; Huotari & Hamari, 2012)\u3002\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u662f\u904b\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20\u4fee\u6539\u8a13\u7df4\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u904e\u7a0b(Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u6fc0\u767c\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5411\u9f13\u52f5\u9032\u800c\u5f37\u5316\u8868\u73fe(Hamari & Koivisto, 2015)\u3002\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8ab2\u5802\u4e0a\u73a9\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u6559\u5b78\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u5165\u5e7e\u500b\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6559\u5b78\u8a2d\u8a08\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u662f\u5f9e\u6559\u5b78\u5167\u5bb9\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2(Landers et al., 2019)\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u65bc\u5b78\u7fd2\u3001\u6559\u5b78\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\u904e\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c0d\u5b78\u7fd2\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u5c08\u6ce8\u5ea6\u4e26\u4eab\u53d7\u5b78\u7fd2(Furdu et al., 2017; Landers, Armstrong, et al., 2017)\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7a4d\u6975\u614b\u5ea6\u4e26\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u5584\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e26\u514b\u670d\u5fc3\u7406\u969c\u7919(Landers et al., 2015)\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u6548\u6709\u6b63\u5411\u7684\u6210\u6548(Hamari et al., 2014)\u3002<\/p>\n

2.3 \u904a\u6232\u5316\u6210\u529f\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20<\/h3>\n

\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u9ede\u6578\u3001\u8a08\u5206\uff0c\u6392\u884c\u699c (Armstrong & Landers, 2018; Landers et al., 2015; Seaborn & Fels, 2015)\uff0c\u9032\u5ea6\u689d\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u734e\u54c1\u6216\u734e\u52f5\u4e5f\u7d93\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u904a\u6232\u5316\u61c9\u7528\u4e2d(Nah et al., 2014) \uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u6545\u4e8b\u6216\u654d\u4e8b\u4e5f\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd(Armstrong & Landers, 2017)\u3002\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\u5305\u542b\u76ee\u6a19\u8207\u6311\u6230\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u3001\u5373\u6642\u56de\u994b\u3001\u72c0\u614b\u8996\u89ba\u5316\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u3001\u7121\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u53c3\u8207(Dicheva et al., 2015)\u3002Majuri \u7b49\u4eba\uff082018\uff09\u5c0d\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u5b78\u7fd2\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u56de\u9867\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8981\u7d20\u53ef\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u4e94\u7a2e\u985e\u5225\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u6210\u5c31\u9032\u6b65\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u6027\u3001\u6c88\u6d78\u9ad4\u9a57\u3001\u975e\u6578\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u70ba\u9ede\u6578\u3001\u6311\u6230\u3001\u5fbd\u7ae0\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c(Majuri et al., 2018)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u5916\u90e8\u6fc0\u52f5\u6216\u5167\u90e8\u6fc0\u52f5 (Perryer et al., 2016)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5236\u7d04\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Operant Conditioning \uff09\u3001\u671f\u671b\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Expectancy-based Theories \uff09\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u8abf\u7bc0\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Self-Regulatory Theories \uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\uff08Self-Determination Theory\uff09(Landers et al., 2019)\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5f9e\u64cd\u4f5c\u5236\u7d04\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u7a4d\u5206\u53ca\u5fbd\u7ae0\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u64cd\u4f5c\u5236\u7d04\u7684\u589e\u5f37\u7269\uff0c\u9a45\u4f7f\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u6559\u5b78\u9810\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52d9\u6216\u76ee\u6a19(Kapp, 2012)\uff1b\u81ea\u6211\u8abf\u6574\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u4f55\u61c9\u7528\u6392\u884c\u699c\u6fc0\u52f5\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u53bb\u9054\u6210\u8f03\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u76ee\u6a19(Landers, Bauer, et al., 2017)\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u5247\u53ef\u8aaa\u660e\u5fbd\u7ae0\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eff\u8db3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c0d\u80fd\u529b\u6b63\u5411\u56de\u994b\u7684\u9700\u6c42(Ryan et al., 2006)\u3002<\/p>\n

2.4 \u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u554f\u984c<\/h3>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\u904a\u6232\u5316\u666e\u904d\u5e36\u4f86\u6b63\u9762\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u6642\u61c9\u8b39\u614e(Hamari et al., 2014)\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u6392\u884c\u699c\u53ca\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5c0d\u5167\u5728\u52d5\u6a5f\u5e72\u64fe (Perryer et al., 2016)\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6eff\u610f\u5ea6\u53ca\u52d5\u529b\u964d\u4f4e(Hanus & Fox, 2015)\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u6eff (Ribeiro et al., 2018)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b78\u54e1\u5c07\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20\u8996\u70ba\u591a\u9918\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd (Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8b93\u8a13\u7df4\u8b8a\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u6539\u5584\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c(Landers et al., 2019)\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6293\u51fa\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u7d42\u5c07\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u8208\u8da3(Furdu et al., 2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h3>\n

3. \u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h3>\n

\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\uff08Delphi Method\uff09\u6e90\u65bc 1950 \u5e74\u862d\u5fb7\u516c\u53f8 (Dalkey & Helmer, 1963; Okoli & Pawlowski, 2004)\uff0c\u7528\u4ea4\u4e92\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u532f\u96c6\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58 (Skulmoski et al., 2007; Vernon, 2009)\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u6c7a\u7b56\u6216\u5224\u65b7(Rowe & Wright, 1999)\uff0c\u6216\u9032\u884c\u9810\u6e2c\u7814\u7a76(Okoli & Pawlowski, 2004)\u3002\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u5305\u542b4\u500b\u95dc\u9375\uff1a\u533f\u540d\u6027\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u3001\u53d7\u63a7\u53cd\u994b\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d71\u8a08\u532f\u7e3d(Dalkey, 1972; Giannarou & Zervas, 2014; Landeta, 2006; Rowe & Wright, 1999; Shields et al., 1987; Skulmoski et al., 2007)\uff0c\u7576\u554f\u984c\u6216\u73fe\u8c61\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u6642\uff0c\u9069\u5408\u7528\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76 (Adler & Ziglio, 1996; Kittell-Limerick, 2005)\u3002\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6d41\u7a0b\u6703\u5148\u900f\u904e Pre Round \u767c\u5c55\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u554f\u5377\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u56de\u5408\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6(Greatorex & Dexter, 2000) \u3002\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u674e\u514b\u7279\u4e94\u7b49\u91cf\u8868 (Giannarou &amp; Zervas, 2014) \uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f2a\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u586b\u7b54\u554f\u5377\u5f8c\u6536\u56de\u9032\u884c\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f2a\u8a55\u4f30\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u8003\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f2a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u6216\u64f4\u5c55\u4ed6\u5011\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f2a\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7528\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u8a55\u9078\u6d41\u7a0b\u9032\u884c\u7b2c\u4e09\u8f2a(Skulmoski et al., 2007)\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u9032\u884c\u5169\u8f2a\u624d\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c0d\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5169\u5230\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u7684Delphi\u8fed\u4ee3\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58(Giannarou & Zervas, 2014)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u8a31\u591a\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f46\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5c1a\u672a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u6216\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u8a55\u5206\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff08Diamond et al., 2014\uff09\u3002IQR\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee\u3001\u53ca\u983b\u7387\u5206\u4f48\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u505a\u70ba\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u57fa\u790e (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014) \u3002 \u7576IQR \u5c0f\u65bc1\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u8d85\u904e50\uff05\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u7576IQR \u7b49\u65bc0\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff08Ramos, Arezes & Afonso, 2016\uff09\u3002 \u800c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u610f\u898b\u5206\u6563\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u82e5\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee\u4f4e\u65bc1.5\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u5c08\u5bb6\u6709\u5171\u8b58 (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014) \u3002 \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u82e5\u4e94\u7b49\u91cf\u8868\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u5927\u65bc4\uff0c\u4e14\u6709\u8d85\u904e51\uff05\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u5206\u4ecb\u65bc4\uff5e5\u5206\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8a72\u9805\u76ee\u5c08\u5bb6\u8996\u70ba\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u8861\u91cf\u591a\u500b\u6307\u6a19\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7372\u5f97\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58 (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014) \u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u8a2d\u70ba IQR\u2266 1\u3001SD \u2266 1.5\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u9054\u6210\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\u5f8c\uff0c\u9078\u53d6\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u5206\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u5927\u65bc4\u5206\uff0c\u4e14\u8a55\u6bd44\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d85\u904e51\uff05, \u70ba\u9054\u6210\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u968e\u6bb5 (Nacke & Deterding, 2017) \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u4ee5\u7d93\u5178\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u63a2\u7d22\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u9080\u8acb14\u4f4d\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6709\u8c50\u5bcc\u7d93\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u8a55\u9078\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u6210\u529f\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u5f97\u5230\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58\u4e26\u8a55\u9078\u904a\u6232\u5316\u51fa\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u81f3\u5c11\u9032\u884c\u5169\u8f2a\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u5728\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u9054\u5230\u5171\u8b58\u6216\u4e09\u8f2a\u6642\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u65bc2019\u5e749\u6708\u81f32020\u5e743\u6708\u4e4b\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n

3.1 \u53c3\u8207\u5c08\u5bb6\u7fa4<\/h3>\n

\u5408\u9069\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u662f\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375 (Okoli & Pawlowski, 2004)\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9700\u5177\u5099\u77e5\u8b58\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u53c3\u52a0\u610f\u9858\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3001\u53ca\u6e9d\u901a\u6280\u5de7 (Adler & Ziglio, 1996)\uff0c\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u5c08\u5bb6(Fink & Kosecoff, 2015)\u3001\u63a1\u7528\u5c08\u5bb6\u63a8\u85a6 (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014)\u6216\u6efe\u96ea\u7403\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5 (Skulmoski et al., 2007)\u3002\u82e5\u5c08\u5bb6\u70ba\u540c\u8cea\u6027\uff0c\u5247 10\uff5e15 \u4f4d\u7d44\u6210\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5718\u9ad4\u5c31\u5df2\u8db3\u5920(Delbecq et al., 1975; Skulmoski et al., 2007)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u75312\u4f4d\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u64d4\u4efb\u63d0\u540d\u5c0f\u7d44\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1\u4f4d\u70ba\u4f01\u696d\u8b1b\u5e2b\u57f9\u8a13\u6559\u7df4\uff0c\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u591a\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u53ca\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u66f8\u7c4d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u70ba\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5217\u4e09\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u63d0\u540d\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u540d\u55ae\uff1a1.\u5df2\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5e38\u898b\u5143\u7d20\u5982\u9ede\u6578\u3001\u8a08\u5206\u3001\u6392\u540d\u699c\u65bc\u8a13\u7df4\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff1b2.\u4f7f\u7528\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7d93\u9a57\u8d85\u904e3\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff1b3.\u904e\u53bb\u4e00\u5e74\u66fe\u4efb\u6559\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u524d500\u5927\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u70ba\u78ba\u4fdd\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u63d0\u540d\u4e4b\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u63d0\u540d\u5c0f\u7d44\u900f\u904e\u4e09\u500b\u4f86\u6e90\u641c\u96c6\u5c08\u5bb6\u540d\u55ae\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u4eba\u529b\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e3b\u7ba1\u3001\u5c08\u9580\u627f\u8fa6\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u9867\u554f\u516c\u53f8\u4e3b\u7ba1\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u8b1b\u5e2b\u76f8\u4e92\u63a8\u85a6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5171\u63d0\u540d27\u4f4d\u7b26\u5408\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u540d\u55ae\uff0c\u7d93\u96fb\u8a71\u53caEmail\u9080\u8acb\u5f8c\uff0c\u670916\u4f4d\u5c08\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67092\u4f4d\u5728\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9000\u51fa\uff0c14\u4f4d\u5b8c\u6210\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u554f\u5377\u8abf\u67e5\u3002\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u5305\u542b\u7537\u6027 12 \u4f4d\uff0886 %\uff09\u8207\u5973\u6027 2 \u4f4d\uff0814 %\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u7d93\u9a57\u5e73\u5747\u70ba 7 \u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u8cc79\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f54 47 % \uff087 \u4f4d\uff09\u70ba\u6700\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u6388\u8ab2\u5167\u5bb9\u5305\u542b\u7c21\u5831\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u5275\u65b0\u8207\u5275\u610f\u3001\u5c08\u6848\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6e9d\u901a\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u554f\u984c\u5206\u6790\u8207\u89e3\u6c7a\u3001\u92b7\u552e\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u8a9e\u6587\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3001\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u92b7\u3001\u8ca1\u52d9\u8207\u8ca1\u5831\u3001\u8b1b\u5e2b\u57f9\u8a13\uff0c\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5c08\u5bb6\u5728\u8abf\u67e5\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u5e74\u5167\uff0c\u5747\u6709\u591a\u6b21\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u524d500\u5927\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u9032\u884c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5e38\u7528\u65bc\u5be6\u52d9\u6559\u5b78\u4e4b\u904a\u6232\u5316\u624b\u6cd5\u5171\u8a0829\u7a2e\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u9ede\u6578\u3001\u6392\u884c\u699c\u3001\u865b\u64ec\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u5f85\u89e3\u8b0e\u984c\u3001\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u9ad4\u9a57\u5f0f\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u8edf\u9ad4\u5de5\u5177 …\u7b49\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u53d7\u8a2a\u5c08\u5bb6\u76f8\u95dc\u8cc7\u6599\u5982\u8868 1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8868 1<\/p>\n

\"UntitledImage\"<\/p>\n

3.2.\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u524d\u968e\u6bb5\uff08Pre-Round of Delphi Method\uff09<\/h3>\n

\u5728\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u524d\u968e\u6bb5\uff08Pre-Round\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5 Email \u53ca\u96fb\u8a71\u8a2a\u554f\u5c08\u5bb6\u95dc\u65bc\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u5be6\u52d9\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5305\u542b3\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a(1)\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u5be6\u4f8b\uff1b (2)\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5143\u7d20\uff1b(3)\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u6311\u6230\u53ca\u5efa\u8b70\u3002\u5728\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u8f49\u70ba\u6587\u7a3f\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ee5Majuri \u7b49\u4eba\u65bc2018\u5e74\u6240\u767c\u8868\u95dc\u65bc\u6559\u80b2\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6574\u7406\u4e4b\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u70ba\u57fa\u790e(Majuri et al., 2018)\uff0c\u4e26\u56de\u9867\u76f8\u95dc\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76(Antin & Churchill, 2011; Armstrong & Landers, 2017; Deterding, Dixon, et al., 2011; Dicheva et al., 2015; Nah et al., 2014; Seaborn & Fels, 2015; Zichermann & Cunningham, 2011)\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5c08\u5bb6\u65bc\u8a2a\u8ac7\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5be6\u52d9\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u532f\u6574\u6210 35 \u9805\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d19\u9805\uff0859 %\uff09\u70ba\u6587\u737b\u8207\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c11\u9805\uff0831 %\uff09\u70ba\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c5\u9805\uff0814%\uff09\u70ba\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u505a\u70ba\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u8a55\u9078\u7684\u57fa\u790e<\/p>\n

3.3 \u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u7814\u7a76<\/h3>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u91dd\u5c0d35\u9805\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8abf\u67e5\u4ee5 Email \u65b9\u5f0f\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u4ee5\u674e\u514b\u7279\u4e94\u7b49\u91cf\u8868\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1\u52305\u5206\u8868\u793a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6bcf\u4efd\u5c08\u5bb6\u554f\u5377\u984c\u9805\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\u96a8\u6a5f\u51fa\u73fe\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6392\u5e8f\u504f\u5dee(Okoli & Pawlowski, 2004)\uff0c\u554f\u5377\u6700\u5f8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u958b\u653e\u984c\u9805\u9080\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u88dc\u5145\u672a\u5217\u5165\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u70ba\u56db\u5206\u4f4d\u8ddd IQR \u2266 1\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee SD \u2266 1.5 \u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u5171\u8b58 (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\uff0c\u670924 \u9805\u5728\u56db\u5206\u4f4d\u8ddd IQR\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee SD \u7686\u9054\u5230\u5171\u8b58\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u4e26\u672a\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u65b0\u589e\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u9805\u76ee\u3002\u7531\u65bcDelphi\u6cd5\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u9032\u884c2\u8f2a\u624d\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u8fed\u4ee3 (Skulmoski et al., 2007)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u7559\u6240\u6709\u8a55\u9078\u4e4b\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u8abf\u67e5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5141\u8a31\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u5728\u533f\u540d\u72c0\u614b\u53c3\u8003\u5b83\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u5b8c\u5584\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u4fee\u6b63\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u662f\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u7684\u7279\u9ede (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014; Skulmoski et al., 2007)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u5247\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u518d\u6b21\u91dd\u5c0d35\u9805\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8981\u7d20\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u9078\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bcf\u984c\u9805\u524d\u56de\u5408\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7d71\u8a08\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u56db\u5206\u4f4d\u8ddd\u3002\u82e5\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u8d85\u904e\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u56db\u5206\u4f4d\u8ddd\uff0c\u5247\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\u660e\uff1b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u5408\u8a08\u6709 33 \u9805\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u8207\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u76f8\u6bd4\u65b0\u589e9\u9805\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u5247\u50c5\u6311\u9078\u5c1a\u672a\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\u57fa\u790e\u76842\u500b\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u9078\uff0c\u6700\u7d42 35\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u9078\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u7d50\u675f\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u3002\u7b26\u5408\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u9700\u8981 2\uff5e3 \u56de\u5408\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1 (Giannarou & Zervas, 2014)\u30023\u968e\u6bb5\u8fed\u4ee3\u904e\u7a0b\u5982\u8868 2 \u53ca \u8868 3<\/p>\n

\"UntitledImage\"<\/p>\n

\"UntitledImage\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h3>\n

4. \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6<\/h3>\n

\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u900f\u904e\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u5c08\u5bb6\u586b\u7b54\u554f\u5377\u7372\u5f97\u5171\u8b58\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u9078\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u5c0d35\u9805\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8981\u7d20\u9032\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u9078\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u8d85\u904e4\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5171\u670912\u9805\uff0834\uff05\uff09\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u4ecb\u65bc 3.0 ~3.9 \u670913 \u9805\uff0837%\uff09\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u5c0f\u65bc 3.0 \u7684\u670910\u9805\uff0829%\uff09\u3002\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6aa2\u8996\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6578\u8d85\u904e4\u5206\u7684\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u90784\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u90fd\u8d85\u904e51\uff05\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff08\u7bc4\u570d\u4ecb\u65bc 79% ~ 100%\uff09\uff0c\u5171\u8a08 12 \u9805\u70ba\u7372\u5f97\u5c08\u5bb6\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

\u904a\u6232\u5316\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u76ee\u524d\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u5206\u985e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff08Badges\uff09\u53ef\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u904a\u6232\u754c\u9762\u8a2d\u8a08\u6a21\u5f0f(Deterding, Dixon, et al., 2011)\u3001\u6216\u904a\u6232\u6a5f\u5236(Dicheva et al., 2015; Zichermann & Cunningham, 2011)\u3002Dicheva \u7b49\u4eba\uff082015\uff09\u5c0d\u6559\u80b2\u904a\u6232\u5316\u9032\u884c\u7d71\u5408\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u878d\u548c Deterding\u7b49\u4eba\uff082011\uff09\u5c0d\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c0d\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u5927\u5206\u985e\uff1a\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\u53ca\u904a\u6232\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u63a1\u7528\u9019\u5169\u5927\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u5c0d\u8abf\u67e5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u532f\u7e3d\u6574\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002<\/p>\n

4.1 \u5206\u985e\u4e00\uff1a\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247<\/h3>\n

\u4f9d\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u9078\u5206\u6578\u8d85\u904e4\u5206\uff08\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u532f\u96c6\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u516d\u5927\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n

(1) \u8207\u6559\u5b78\u76ee\u6a19\u7d50\u5408<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9019\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6210\u529f\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u5206\u5e73\u5747\u503c5\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0\uff0c IQR 0\uff0c\u8a55\u9078\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5206\u6578\u8d85\u904e4\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u70ba 100\uff05\uff08\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

N \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u904a\u6232\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u8ab2\u7a0b\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u904a\u6232\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u904a\u6232\u8ddf\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u5f37\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u70ba\u4e86\u904a\u6232\u800c\u904a\u6232\u3002\u300d<\/em> I \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8ddf\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u70ba\u4e86\u904a\u6232\u800c\u904a\u6232\u300d<\/em> G \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62:(1)\u5b78\u54e1\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc(2)\u5927\u5bb6\u55e8\u5b8c\u5f8c\u7a7a\u865b\u3002\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u660e\u78ba\u77e5\u9053\u505a\u9019\u500b\u6d3b\u52d5\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u505a\u5f97\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc \u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u57f9\u8a13\u8005\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u5148\u78ba\u5b9a\u57f9\u8a13\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u6216\u8868\u73fe\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4e26\u8b39\u614e\u9078\u64c7\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20(Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u6700\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u300c\u4e0d\u8981\u70ba\u4e86\u904a\u6232\u5316\u800c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u524d\u8981\u4ed4\u7d30\u601d\u8003\u8ab2\u7a0b\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5728\u9032\u884c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u524d\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5efa\u8b70\u53ef\u900f\u6559\u5b78\u8a2d\u8a08\u6216 ADDIE \u6a21\u578b(Analysis\u3001Design\u3001Development\u3001Implementation\u3001Evaluation)\u91cd\u65b0\u8a55\u4f30\u53ca\u8a2d\u8a08\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u8b93\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8207\u6559\u5b78\u76ee\u6a19\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u9054\u6210\u63d0\u5347\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u6548\u7684\u76ee\u7684(Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002<\/p>\n

(2) \u5373\u6642\u56de\u994b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5373\u6642\u56de\u994b\u662f\u5c08\u5bb6\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u8996\u7684\u6210\u529f\u95dc\u9375\uff08\u5e73\u5747 5.0\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0\uff0c100 %\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

G \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6436\u7b54\u3001\u767c\u8868\u3001\u6f14\u7df4\uff0c\u7576\u4e0b\u7acb\u5373\u56de\u994b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u300d<\/em> D \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u56de\u7b54\u5c31\u6709\u52a0\u5206\uff0c\u5f37\u5316\u5b78\u54e1\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a18\u5206\u898f\u5247\u7684\u719f\u6089\u8207\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u56de\u7b54\u554f\u984c\uff01\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u5373\u6642\u53cd\u994b\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u8a2d\u8a08\u5143\u7d20(Dicheva et al., 2015; Nah et al., 2014)\uff0c\u7a4d\u5206\u3001\u5fbd\u7ae0\u3001\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u53cd\u994b\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6fc0\u52f5\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u52d5\u529b (Nacke & Deterding, 2017)\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u53c3\u8207\u8abf\u67e5\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5927\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u7a4d\u5206\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u994b\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u5f8c\u9762\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u985e\u5225\u6211\u5011\u6703\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

(3) \u5718\u968a\u7af6\u722d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7af6\u722d\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.3\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0.62\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c\u670993%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u8cfd\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u5c0f\u7d44\u5718\u968a\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.4\u5206\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.63\uff0c\u670987%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u900f\u904e\u5c0f\u7d44\u9593\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u6bd4\u8cfd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u7af6\u722d\u4e2d\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u7dad\u6301\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u53ca\u6295\u5165\u5ea6\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

J \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u5efa\u7acb\u5206\u7d44\u7af6\u8cfd\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u5f7c\u6b64\u6436\u7b54\uff0c ….\u5e36\u4f86\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u826f\u6027\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6b63\u5411\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5718\u968a\u52d5\u529b\u300d<\/em> G \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u7af6\u8cfd\u80fd\u6fc0\u8d77\u5b78\u54e1\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u5ea6\u8207\u5c08\u5fc3\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5718\u968a\u7af6\u8cfd\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u7af6\u8cfd\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7279\u5225\u6d3b\u8e8d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6703\u6162\u6162\u5730\u9000\u56de\u5230\u201d\u53c3\u89c0”\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u985e\u5225(Majuri et al., 2018)\uff0c\u5f9e\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u5718\u968a\u7af6\u722d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002<\/p>\n

(4) \u6e05\u695a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u6709\u7c21\u55ae\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u300c\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.9\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.26\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0\uff0c100%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u517c\u9867\u904a\u6232\u7684\u300c\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.7\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.59\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0\uff0c93%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

J \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u79d2\u61c2\u7684\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\uff1a\u8981\u82b1\u592a\u591a\u6642\u9593\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u904a\u6232\u90fd\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u300d<\/em> J\u00a0 \u5c08\u5bb6:\u300c\u7576\u904a\u6232\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u88ab\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u7522\u751f\u90e8\u5206\u5b78\u54e1\u65bc\u904e\u7a0b\u7576\u4e2d\u9078\u64c7\u201d\u653e\u68c4\u53c3\u8207”\u3002\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u898f\u5247\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u904a\u6232\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u73a9\u6a02 (Fullerton, 2014)\u3002\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u628a\u898f\u5247\u8996\u70ba\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20 (Helms et al., 2015)\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u4e5f\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u74b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u904a\u6232\u6703\u9020\u6210\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4e0d\u6eff (Ribeiro et al., 2018)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u597d\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u6fc0\u52f5\u5b78\u54e1\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u4e26\u517c\u9867\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff0c\u63a8\u52d5\u5b78\u54e1\u9054\u6210\u9810\u671f\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u662f\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

(5)\u6311\u6230\u76ee\u6a19\u96e3\u5ea6\u6f38\u589e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300c\u4efb\u52d9\u6311\u6230\u76ee\u6a19\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.5\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0.49\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c100%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u9032\u884c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u5728\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u53c3\u8207\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300c\u96e3\u5ea6\u6f38\u589e\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.3\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0.48\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c100%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u6642\u9593\u58d3\u529b\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.3\u5206\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0.75\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0.45\uff0c100 %\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u8868\u793a\u96a8\u8457\u8ab2\u7a0b\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u4efb\u52d9\u96e3\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u9010\u6f38\u63d0\u6607\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u6642\u9650\u5167\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

K \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u7d66\u4e88\u5b78\u54e1\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6642\u9650\u5167\u76e1\u91cf\u627e\u51fa\u89e3\u65b9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9f13\u52f5\u5c0f\u7d44\u7af6\u722d\u3002\u300d<\/em> I \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8981\u6709\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u7531\u6dfa\u81f3\u6df1 …\u3002\u300d<\/em> G \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u5f9e\u8ab2\u7a0b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3001\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u8abf\u6574\u3001\u898f\u5247\u8aaa\u660e\u7b49\u9762\u5411\u4f86\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u6642\u9593\u3002\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u56f0\u96e3\u800c\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3001\u6fc0\u767c\u52aa\u529b\u4e26\u8ffd\u6c42\u6539\u9032\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u81ea\u6211\u8abf\u7bc0\u7406\u8ad6\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb(Garris et al., 2002; Landers et al., 2019)\u3002\u53d7\u8a2a\u5c08\u5bb6\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u63d0\u6607\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u6311\u6230\u96e3\u5ea6\uff0c\u8b93\u6280\u5de7\u8207\u6311\u6230\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u89f8\u767c\u5fc3\u6d41\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u8b93\u9ad4\u9a57\u6700\u4f73\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

(6) \u7121\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u5f0f\u6d3b\u52d5<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u9032\u884c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u4e9b\u300c\u9ad4\u9a57\u5f0f\u6d3b\u52d5\u300d\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u8b1b\u8ff0\u6559\u5b78\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.3\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee0.48\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c100%\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u300c\u7121\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u529f\u95dc\u9375\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.1\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.77\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c79 %\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

M \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u5f9e\u904a\u6232\u4e2d\u53bb\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6b77\u7a0b\u3002\u300d<\/em> G \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u5728\u76f8\u5c0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u76e1\u60c5\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f4e\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981! …. \u8a2d\u8a08\u6c92\u6709\u6a19\u6e96\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8b93\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u66a2\u6240\u6b32\u8a00\uff1b\u6216\u662f\u8001\u5e2b\u7684\u63a7\u5834\u3001\u5fc3\u614b\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u7b54\u932f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u89ba\u5f97\u4e1f\u81c9\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u900f\u904e\u5b78\u7fd2\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u5b78\u54e1\u53ef\u5c07\u5931\u6557\u8996\u70ba\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u7576\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u6b21\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u91cd\u8986\u7df4\u7fd2 (Kiryakova et al., 2014)\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u64c1\u6709\u300c\u5931\u6557\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u3002\u900f\u904e\u9ad4\u9a57\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u8ab2\u7a0b\u76ee\u6a19\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u5728\u7121\u5931\u6557\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b78\u54e1\u5373\u6642\u800c\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u56de\u994b\uff0c\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u5728\u9032\u884c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u6642\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002<\/p>\n

4.2 \u5206\u985e\u4e8c\uff1a\u904a\u6232\u5143\u7d20<\/h3>\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5148\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8a8d\u70ba\u9ede\u6578\u3001\u5fbd\u7ae0\u3001\u6392\u884c\u699c\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20(Armstrong & Landers, 2018; Dicheva et al., 2015; Majuri et al., 2018; Seaborn & Fels, 2015)\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9080\u96c6\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a2a\u8ac7\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5c08\u5bb6\u5be6\u52d9\u7684\u8996\u89d2\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u8207\u904e\u5f80\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u6709\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n

(1) \u9ede\u6578(Point)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u662f\u9ede\u6578 (Point) \uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u5728\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u904b\u7528\u9ede\u6578\u6216\u8a08\u5206\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8a8d\u540c\uff08\u5e73\u5747 4.4\u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.62\uff0cIQR\u70ba 1\uff0c93 %\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

M \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u5143\u90fd\u6709\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u55ae\u5143\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6216\u662f\u6848\u4f8b\u6f14\u7df4\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4efb\u52d9\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u6578\u300d<\/em> E \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u9f13\u52f5\u7684\u662f\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u6211\u9f13\u52f5\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u7b54\u932f\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u6709100\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u7b54\u5c0d\u7684\u6703\u6709300\u5206\u3002\u6211\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\u662f\u734e\u52f5\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u800c\u975e\u734e\u52f5\u7b54\u5c0d\u3002\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u9019\u8207\u904e\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\uff0c\u9ede\u6578\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u3001\u7e3e\u6548\u8207\u6210\u679c\u4e4b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u589e\u5f37\u76f8\u95dc\u884c\u70ba (Von Ahn & Dabbish, 2008)\uff0c\u5b78\u54e1\u900f\u904e\u51fa\u5e2d\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u4efb\u52d9\u5f8c\u7372\u5f97\u9ede\u6578\uff0c\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5b78\u751f\u6295\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6 (Papp & Theresa, 2017; Ribeiro et al., 2018) \u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u679c (Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002\u61c9\u8a72\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9ede\u6578\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u61c9\u4f5c\u70ba\u734e\u52f5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u9054\u6210\u7684\u6307\u793a\u63d0\u9192(Perryer et al., 2016)\uff0c\u5b78\u54e1\u5fc5\u9700\u8a8d\u70ba\u9ede\u6578\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u610f\u7fa9\u6216\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4e0d\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u5b78\u54e1\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u5ea6(Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002\u900f\u904e\u8a08\u5206\u6a5f\u5236\u5f37\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u54e1\u7684\u671f\u671b\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u662f\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a31\u591a\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002<\/p>\n

(2) \u5fbd\u7ae0(Badges)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u5148\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u8a8d\u70ba\u5fbd\u7ae0(Badges)\u662f\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u5169\u8f2a\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u5206\u5f8c\uff0c\uff0c\u50c5 14% \u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\uff08\u5e73\u5747 3.0 \u5206\uff0c\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.64\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0.75\uff0c14 %\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u5fbd\u7ae0\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e09\u56de\u5408\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u8abf\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8acb\u5c08\u5bb6\u88dc\u5145\u5c0d\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

N \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u904a\u6232\u4f7f\u7528\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u5927\u3001\u6642\u9593\u6bd4\u8f03\u9577\u7684\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8b93\u73a9\u5bb6\u6301\u7e8c\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u300c\u96c6\u90f5\u300d\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\u3002\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c11\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u5927\u578b\u3001\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u7684\u904a\u6232\u3002\u300d<\/em> D \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u5fbd\u7ae0\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u50cf\u904a\u6232\u9700\u8981\u5347\u7b49\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8981\u5c07\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u5347\u7b49\u8aaa\u660e\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u800c\u5bb9\u6613\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u4e00\u982d\u9727\u6c34\u300d<\/em> F \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u8ddf\u52a0\u5206\u7121\u7570\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u5305\u88dd\u904e\uff0f\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6bd4\u8f03\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u52a0\u5206\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e74\u7d00\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u88ab\u5438\u5f15\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u57f9\u8a13\u4eba\u54e1\u5177\u5099\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b (Armstrong & Landers, 2018)\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u77ed\u671f\u8a13\u7df4\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff08\u4f8b\u59821\uff5e3\u5929\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u61c9\u7528\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e14\u5c0d\u6210\u4eba\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5fbd\u7ae0\u8f03\u5e38\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216 App \u8f14\u52a9\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u6559\u5b78\u74b0\u5883\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6613\u5c0e\u5165\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n

(3) \u6392\u884c\u699c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6392\u884c\u699c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a55\u9078\u6642\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5176\u5e73\u5747\u5f97\u5206\u70ba 4.2\uff0c\u6709 67% \u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u89ba\u5f97\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u7b26\u5408\u5171\u8b58\u6a19\u6e96\uff08IQR \uff1d 2\uff0c\u5982\u8868 1\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u5f8c\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff08\u6a19\u6e96\u5dee 0.67\uff0cIQR\u70ba 0.00\uff0c\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5e73\u5747\u964d\u70ba 3.8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u89ba\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6210\u9577\u81f3\u63a5\u8fd18\u6210\uff08\u5982\u8868 2\uff09\u3002\u8abf\u67e5\u904e\u7a0b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\u6392\u884c\u699c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f37\u5316\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u4e26\u4fc3\u9032\u5b78\u54e1\u53c3\u8207\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u904e\u5ea6\u5f37\u8abf\u7af6\u722d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u5c0d\u6392\u884c\u699c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n

A \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u8a08\u5206\u8868\u5c31\u653e\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u7528\u5c0f\u7d44\u8a08\u5206\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u5834\u4f11\u606f\u7684\u516c\u4f48\u8207\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u300d<\/em> L \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u89ba\u5f97\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9084\u6703\u964d\u4f4e\u7af6\u722d\u6027 \uff1b\u6211\u5011\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u6392\u540d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u734e\u52f5\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6c92\u6709\u53e3\u982d\u734e\u52f5\u3002\u300d<\/em> E \u5c08\u5bb6\uff1a\u300c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u597d\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u597d\uff1f….\u70ba\u4e86\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u9ede\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7576\u7136\u9084\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u5b78\u7fd2\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u5f97\u5206\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52d9\u3002\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u904e\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u7a4d\u5206\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u4f5c\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u6392\u884c\u699c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u597d\u58de\u53c3\u534a(Papp & Theresa, 2017)\uff0c\u82e5\u904e\u5ea6\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u964d\u4f4e\u53c3\u8207\u52d5\u6a5f (Furdu et al., 2017)\uff0c\u6216\u8b93\u5b78\u54e1\u4e0d\u8212\u670d (Ribeiro et al., 2018)\uff0c\u5b78\u54e1\u5728\u7372\u5f97\u9ad8\u6392\u540d\u5f8c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u53c3\u8207 (Perryer et al., 2016)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u8a2a\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u7af6\u722d\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u4e0d\u904e\u5ea6\u7af6\u722d\u800c\u55aa\u5931\u5b78\u7fd2\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u662f\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002<\/p>\n

(4) \u5176\u5b83\u767c\u73fe<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u6216\u60c5\u7bc0\u6703\u7a7f\u63d2\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4f46\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4f9d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u7d93\u9a57\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u90e8\u4efd\u5c08\u5bb6\u628a\u6545\u4e8b\u505a\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u5f15\u5c0e\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u505a\u70ba\u500b\u6848\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e4b\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u4ecd\u4f54\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u5b78\u54e1\u6295\u5165\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u5c0d\u6545\u4e8b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u53cd\u61c9\u51fa\u5c08\u5bb6\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u7d93\u9a57\u53ca\u5c0d\u8ab2\u7a0b\u898f\u5283\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u8f03\u5c0f\u6a23\u672c\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u62bd\u6a23\uff0c\u82e5\u62bd\u6a23\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u7fa4\u9ad4\u8ddf\u7d93\u9a57\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u662f\u5426\u6703\u56e0\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u5f8c\u7e8c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216 APP \u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4f7f\u7528\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216 APP \u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9020\u6210\u6388\u8ab2\u8b8a\u6578\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b78\u54e1\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u4f7f\u7528\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216 APP\u800c\u9020\u6210\u5206\u5fc3\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u5b78\u54e1\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u96e3\u5ea6\u3002\u5f9e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u5bb6\u7d93\u9a57\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u61c9\u51fa\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216APP\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u6642\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u5176\u5b83\u6559\u5b78\u8005\u61c9\u7528\u6642\u4e4b\u53c3\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h3>\n

5. \u7d50\u8ad6<\/h3>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u6295\u5165\u7684\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u6295\u5165\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7372\u5f97\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u900f\u904e\u5fb7\u723e\u83f2\u6cd5\uff0c\u6574\u540814\u4f4d\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5171\u8b58\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4e26\u8a2a\u8ac7\u5c08\u5bb6\u61c9\u7528\u904a\u6232\u5316\u539f\u5247\u53ca\u6a5f\u5236\u4e4b\u5be6\u52d9\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u672a\u4f86\u904a\u6232\u5316\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u5bb6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u4f01\u696d\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u5b9c\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4fc3\u9032\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8207\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u6548\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u8207\u8ab2\u7a0b\u76ee\u6a19\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u884c\u70ba\u5f8c\u7d66\u4e88\u5373\u6642\u56de\u994b\uff0c\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8a2d\u8a08\u4ee5\u5c0f\u7d44\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u8b93\u5718\u968a\u5728\u6642\u9650\u5167\u5b8c\u6210\u96e3\u5ea6\u9010\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u53ef\u4ee5\u6fc0\u767c\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u9593\u63a5\u9054\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u900f\u904e\u6e05\u695a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9075\u5faa\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5275\u9020\u4e00\u500b\u5bb9\u5fcd\u932f\u8aa4\u4e0d\u65b7\u5617\u8a66\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u53c3\u8207\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u7d93\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7a4d\u5206\u53ca\u6392\u884c\u699c\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6703\u898f\u5283\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a08\u5206\u74b0\u7bc0\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7b26\u5408\u9810\u671f\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u56de\u7b54\u554f\u984c\u3001\u53c3\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3001\u6216\u89e3\u6c7a\u6311\u6230\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u62ff\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a08\u5206\u9ede\u6578\uff0c\u9f13\u52f5\u7684\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u53c3\u8207\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u5229\u7528\u6392\u884c\u699c\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u5c07\u5b78\u7fd2\u5c0f\u7d44\u7a4d\u5206\u5c55\u793a\u5728\u6392\u884c\u699c\u4e0a\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u540c\u4f34\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u6fc0\u52f5\u5176\u53c3\u8207\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e26\u66f4\u52a0\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8ab2\u5802\u73a9\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216 APP \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u624d\u80fd\u9054\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u9700\u684c\u904a\u7b49\u904a\u6232\u9053\u5177\uff0c\u591a\u4f4d\u5c08\u5bb6\u63d0\u53ca \u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u70ba\u4e86\u904a\u6232\u800c\u904a\u6232\u301e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u904a\u6232\u5316\u8a2d\u8a08\u6838\u5fc3\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u589e\u9032\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u672a\u4f86\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

5.1 \u7814\u7a76\u9650\u5236\u8207\u5efa\u8b70<\/h3>\n

\u9996\u5148\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u4e9b\u610f\u898b\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u4f01\u696d\u54e1\u5de5\uff0c\u7576\u5c0d\u8c61\u8f49\u63db\u70ba\u5b78\u6821\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u6548\u679c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f01\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u5927\u591a\u63a1\u53d6\u5c08\u6848\u6216\u77ed\u6642\u6578\u7684\u4e0a\u8ab2\uff0c\u8207\u5b78\u6821\u9577\u9054\u4e00\u5b78\u671f\u6216\u5b78\u5e74\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u6388\u8ab2\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f\u800c\u6559\u80b2\u8a13\u7df4\u5c08\u5bb6\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u5be6\u52d9\u4e0a\u61c9\u7528\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5168\u7136\u4e86\u89e3\u904a\u6232\u5316\u76f8\u95dc\u5b78\u8853\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5c08\u5bb6\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u6216\u8a2d\u8a08\u904a\u6232\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u4e0a\u7684\u4fb7\u9650\u3002\u5c08\u5bb6\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u4e3b\u984c\u8ddf\u6559\u5b78\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u61c9\u4e86\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u904a\u6232\u5316\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4e9b\u5c08\u5bb6\u504f\u597d\u61c9\u7528\u734e\u52f5\u6216\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u6709\u4e9b\u5c08\u5bb6\u5247\u89ba\u5f97\u61c9\u6e1b\u5c11\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u5c08\u5bb6\u7504\u9078\u53ca\u62db\u52df\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u800c\u9020\u6210\u610f\u898b\u56de\u994b\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u4f46\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u5c08\u5bb6\u5be6\u52d9\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u672a\u4f86\u80fd\u7d66\u6559\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u6975\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u53c3\u8003\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

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Von Ahn, L., & Dabbish, L. (2008). Designing games with a purpose. Communications of the ACM, 51(8), 58-67.<\/p>\n

Zichermann, G., & Cunningham, C. (2011). Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. Sebastopol, Canada: O’Reilly Media, Inc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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